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Listed below are research, documents, and reports pertinent to wildlife and ecosystems. If you would like to suggest additional research, documents, or reports on this topic, please submit a short description to AASHTO (including any pertinent links) on the Share Info with AASHTO form.
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| Wildlife and Roads: A Resource to Help Mitigate Roads for Wildlife |
| An Internet-based interactive decision guide and resource center, Wildlife and Roads: A Resource to Help Mitigate Roads for Wildlife, was developed as part of National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 25-27 and is now housed on the Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO website. The site provides a wealth of information, including links to the final NCHRP 25-27 report, as well as online access to related resources including a step-by-step decision guide for practitioners. The final report, Evaluation of the Use and Effectiveness of Wildlife Crossings, summarizes research on the use and effectiveness of wildlife crossings to mitigate habitat fragmentation and reduce wildlife vehicle collisions. The report provides guidelines for the selection, configuration, and location of wildlife crossing types and suggestions for the monitoring and evaluation of their effectiveness and maintenance.
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- Eco-Logical Initiative – FHWA’s Interagency Effort Promotes Ecosystem Approach for Infrastructure Development (Feb. 8, 2006)
- FHWA Exemplary Ecosystem Initiative
- Second Nature: Improving Transportation Without Putting Nature Second (Defenders of Wildlife)
- Early Mitigation for Net Environmental Benefit: Meaningful Off-Setting Measures For Unavoidable Impacts [PDF 812 kb], National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Project 25-25, Task 10 (2005)
- Guidance for the Establishment, Use, and Operation of Conservation Banks [PDF 220kb] – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (May 8, 2003)
- Arizona DOT’s 2006 wildlife linkage study and assessment
- Transportation Planning: State and Metropolitan Planning Agencies Report Using Varied Methods to Consider Ecosystem Conservation. – Government Accountability Office, May 17, 2004. GAO-04-536, Highlights.
- Cooperative Agreement Between the Nature Conservancy and FHWA Regarding Research on Biodiversity Conservation and Transportation Planning [PDF 474kb] (July 8, 1997)
- Memorandum of Understanding to Foster the Ecosystem Approach (Fourteen federal agencies) [PDF 653kb] (Dec. 15, 1995)
- The Ecosystem Approach and Transportation Development [PDF 919kb], FHWA paper (Oct. 30, 1995)
- Ecosystem Management Initiative *Attachment [PDF 81kb] – FHWA memorandum (July 27, 1995)
- Participation in Funding for Ecological Mitigation [PDF 420kb] – FHWA memorandum (July 25, 1995)
- U.S. EPA 1994 Evaluation Of Ecological Impacts From Highway Development [PDF 5 mb] (1994)
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| Wildlife Impacts - General |
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- Wildlife and Roads, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 25-27. This project was a three year team effort with the objectives to provide guidance, in the form of clearly written guidelines for the selection, configuration, and location of wildlife crossing structures, and the monitoring and evaluation of crossing effectiveness as well as maintenance of those structures. Also see Wildlife and Roads: A Resource to Help Mitigate Roads for Wildlife, on this website.
- Synthesis of Noise Effects on Wildlife Populations (FHWA, 6/13/06)
- International Conference on Ecology & Transportation (ICOET) Proceedings Available
- Highway Median Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Mortality State of The Practice Survey and Gap Analysis, [PDF 1.4mb] CalTrans, 2006.
- Endangered By Sprawl: How Runaway Development Threatens America’s Wildlife [PDF 1.44 mb] (Smart Growth America, Jan. 2005)
- Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads, Committee on Ecological Impacts of Road Density, National Research Council - ISBN: 978-0-309-10088-5, 324 pages, 6 x 9, paperback (2005).
- Wildlife Impacts Associated with the Proposed Upgrades to the Trans-Canada Highway [PDF 1.94mb] (Park Bridge to Brake Check) (2004)
- Identifying The Best Locations Along Highways To Provide Safe Crossing Opportunities For Wildlife [PDF 395kb], Report No. CDOT-DTD-UCD-2003-9 Final Report, 2003.
- Interactions of Roadways and Wildlife Ecology (2002), National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 20-5, Synthesis Report Synthesis Report 305. This synthesis study reviews the interactions that occur during the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roadways that can affect ecological systems and wildlife.
- The Scan of the Wild: An international tour checks out how European countries handle roadkill, habitat fragmentation, and other impacts of highways on wildlife
- Wildlife Habitat Connectivity Across European Highways, FHWA Office of International Programs
- Overview of Transportation Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Populations, [PDF 230kb] (Jackson, S.D. 2000. Overview of Transportation Impacts on Wildlife Movement and Populations, pp. 7-20 In Messmer, T.A. and B. West, (eds) Wildlife and Highways: Seeking Solutions to an Ecological and Socio-economic Dilemma. The Wildlife Society).
- Guidelines for the Consideration of Highway Project Impacts on Fish and Wildlife Resources [PDF 5.17mb] (FHWA, Oct. 30, 1989)
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| Wildlife Mitigation - General |
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- Animal-Vehicle Crash Mitigation Using Advanced Technology Phase II: System Effectiveness and System Acceptance (March 2009)
- Keeping It Simple: Easy Ways to Help Wildlife Along Roads – FHWA Website.
- Getting Up To SPEED: A Conservationist's Guide to Wildlife and Highways, Defenders of Wildlife, 2007.
- Guidelines for Bridge Construction or Maintenance to Accommodate Fish & Wildlife Movement and Passage [PDF 111kb], Arizona Game and Fish Department, Habitat Branch, 2006
- FHWA Clarification on Eligibility of Wetland and Natural Habitat Mitigation Measures [PDF 18kb] (March 10, 2005)
- CTE Web Cast: FHWA European Scan Tour on Wildlife Connectivity: Applications for U.S. Transportation Programs (December 2003)
- Wildlife Habitat Connectivity Across European Highways, FHWA Office of International Programs (August 2002)
- A Strategy for Mitigating Highway Impacts on Wildlife [PDF 694kb], 2002 Jackson, S.D. and C.R. Griffin. 2000. In Messmer, T.A. and B. West, (eds) Wildlife and Highways: Seeking Solutions to an Ecological and Socio-economic Dilemma. The Wildlife Society.
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| Impacts and Mitigation by Type |
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Mammals - Impacts
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Mammals - Mitigation
- FHWA Critter Crossings website
- Safe Passage – A Users Guide to Developing Effective Highway Crossings for Carnivores and Other Wildlife [PDF 815 kb], 2007 (A joint effort between Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project, Wildlife Consulting Resources, and the Center for Transportation and the Environment.)
- Effects of landscape attributes on the use of wildlife underpasses by small mustelids, TRB 2007 (power point presentation by Edgar van der Grift (Alterra) & Maarten van Vuurde (WU)).
- How Does the Small Mammal Cross the Road?, Montana Outdoors, Magazine of Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, July-Aug. 2006.
- Identifying the Best Locations Along Highways to Provide Safe Crossing Opportunities For Wildlife [PDF 395kb], Colorado DOT, August 2003.
- Innovative Partnerships That Address Highway Impacts To Wildlife Habitat Connectivity In The Northern Rockies [PDF 841 kb], Davidson DK. 2004. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET).
- Highways and Wildlife: Problems and Solutions, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension. (Document WEC-172, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: 1993, as SS-WIS-41. Revised February 2003.)
- The Banff Wildlife Crossings Project Report, 2002, Banff National Park of Canada, Parks Canada.
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Birds - Impacts
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Herpetofauna - Impacts
- Effects of Roads on Reptiles and Amphibia Bilbliography, compiled by R. Carter and J. Andrews, 3/13/07.
- Highway Mortality of Turtles and Other Herpetofauna at Lake Jackson, Florida, and the Efficacy of a Temporary Fence/Culvert System to Reduce Roadkills, [PDF 3.2mb], Matthew J. Aresco, ICOET 2003.
- The Effects Of Highway Mortality On Four Species Of Amphibians at a Small, Temporary Pond In Northern Florida, D. Bruce Means, Coastal Plains Institute and Land Conservancy, Tallahassee, Fla. (1998)
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Herpetofauna - Mitigation
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Fish - Impacts
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Fish - Mitigation
- FishXing Website - This software is intended to assist engineers, hydrologists, and fish biologists in the evaluation and design of culverts for fish passage. It is free and available for download. A beta release of Version 3 is now available. Version 2.2 of FishXing is currently the stable release. Hosted by the U.S. Forest Service.
- Planning, Design And Construction of Fish Friendly Crossings – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
- Culvert Design for Fish Passage in Pennsylvania [PDF 205 kb], 2001, David E. Spotts, Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation.
- Culvert Criteria for Fish Passage in California [PDF 68 kb], 2002, State of California Resources Agency Department of Fish and Game.
- Washington State DOT Fish Passages Web Page.
- Fish Passage Through Culverts: An Annotated Bibliography, Nov. 5, 1999, Kemset Moore, Michael Furniss, Susan Firor, and Michael Love, Six Rivers National Forest Watershed Interactions Team, Eureka CA.
- Designing Highway Culverts That Do Not Impede the Movements of Resident Fish Species, Road Engineering Journal, Copyright © 1997 by TranSafety, Inc., Nov, 1, 1997.
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Federal Highway Administration
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Fisheries
- The Policy for Evaluation of Conservation Efforts [PDF 100kb] when making listing decisions (published March 28, 2003). The policy helps guide other Federal agencies, State, local, tribal, and foreign governments, businesses, organizations and individuals in their efforts to restore populations of declining species before they require the protection of the Endangered Species Act.
- NMFS Recovery Planning Guidelines [PDF 62kb]
- Habitat Conservation Plans and Assurances (No Surprises) [PDF 118kb] (Feb. 23,1998)
- Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances and Safe Harbor Agreements [PDF 76kb] (June 17,1999)
- Administration and Departmental Policy related to Native Americans and the joint Secretarial order on Federal-Tribal trust responsibilities [PDF 349kb] (June 5, 1997)
- Recognition of Distinct Vertebrate Populations [PDF 33kb] (Feb. 7,1996)
- Several cooperative policy statements with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service related to socio-economic effects in recovery planning, peer review, the role of state agencies, ecosystem approaches, and information standards (July 1, 1994).
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- Compendium of Environmental Fieldwork Technologies, NCHRP 25-25, Task 48 (October 2009)
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Strategic Plan for Climate Change (Draft) - Proposed strategic plan for coordinating the agency’s efforts to address climate change impacts to natural resources. Included as an appendix is a Five-Year Action Plan for implementing the Strategic Plan. Comments are due Nov. 23, 2009. (September 2009)
- Conservation in Transition: Leading Change in the 21st Century - Report of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service describes its vision for meeting climate change and other conservation challenges of the 21st century. (January 2009)
- Season’s End: Global Warming’s Threat to Hunting and Fishing - Report of the Assoc. of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, the Wildlife Management Institute, and several national outdoor organizations summarizes scientific research on the effects of climate change on fish and wildlife. (April 2008)
- Transportation Research Record Journal, Issue No. 2011, Environmental Issues 2007 includes 22 peer-reviewed papers covering diverse subjects including efforts by departments of transportation to develop environmental management systems, vehicle emissions modeling, air quality benefits of freeway high-occupancy vehicle lanes in southern California, use of highway underpasses for large mammals and other wildlife, and others. (1-18-08)
- The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 110th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices -Congressional Research Service (Updated 7-13-07)
- Road Maintenance with Threatened, Endangered, or Sensitive Plants: Finding Solutions (USDA-Forest Service) (December 2006)
- Wildlife Crossing Structures Toolkit (USDA-Forest Service)
- Conservation Across the Landscape: A Review of the State Wildlife Action Plans – Defenders of Wildlife (3/17/06)
- Endangered By Sprawl: How Runaway Development Threatens America’s Wildlife (Smart Growth America, Jan. 2005)
- International Conference on Ecology & Transportation Proceedings Available
- CTE Web Cast: FHWA European Scan Tour on Wildlife Connectivity: Applications for U.S. Transportation Programs
- Wildlife, Fisheries, and Transportation Web Gateway (CTE)
- Second Nature: Improving Transportation Without Putting Nature Second (Defenders of Wildlife)
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- Transportation Planning: State and Metropolitan Planning Agencies Report Using Varied Methods to Consider Ecosystem Conservation. GAO-04-536 [PDF 2.19mb], May 17, 2004. Highlights [PDF 79kb]
- Endangered Species: Despite Consultation Improvement Efforts in the Pacific Northwest, Concerns Persist about the Process. GAO-03-949T [PDF 178kb] June 25, 2003 Highlights [PDF 64kb] , Accessible Text, Abstract
- Columbia River Basin Salmon and Steelhead: Federal Agencies' Recovery Responsibilities, Expenditures and Actions. GAO-02-612 [PDF 6.49mb] July 26, 2002 Accessible Text, Abstract
- Endangered Species: Research Strategy and Long-Term Monitoring Needed for the Mojave Desert Tortoise Recovery Program. GAO-03-23 [PDF 970kb] December 9, 2002 Highlights [PDF 434kb] , Accessible Text, Abstract
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